An operating system (OS) is fundamental software that manages a computer's hardware and software resources and provides services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between users and the computer hardware, enabling users to interact with the machine in a manageable and efficient way. The operating system handles tasks such as managing files, controlling peripherals, and providing a user interface
Manages the execution of processes, including multitasking (running multiple processes at the same time).
Allocates CPU time to different processes and handles process scheduling
Handles allocation and deallocation of memory space as needed by various applications and processes.
Manages RAM and virtual memory, ensuring that processes have sufficient memory to operate.
Organizes, stores, retrieves, and manages data files on storage devices
Provides a hierarchical directory structure for file organization
Controls and manages input and output devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse, printers)
Provides drivers and interfaces for peripheral devices
Provides a means for users to interact with the computer, either through a graphical user interface (GUI) or command-line interface (CLI)
Protects system resources and data from unauthorized access
Manages user accounts and permissions, ensuring secure access to resources.
Manages network connections and data transmission between computers over local or wide area networks.
Provides protocols and services for network communication
Execute batches of jobs without user interaction. Jobs are processed sequentially, one after another
Early mainframe systems like IBM's OS/360
Allow multiple users to access and use the system resources simultaneously
UNIX, Linux.
Allow multiple processes or tasks to run concurrently within a single user session
Windows, macOS, Linux
Designed to process data and provide responses within a strict time constraint. Essential for systems requiring high reliability and timing
VxWorks, QNX, RTEMS
Designed for specific devices and applications, often with limited resources. Used in embedded systems like appliances, medical devices, and IoT devices.
Embedded Linux, Windows IoT, FreeRTOS.
Designed to manage network resources and provide services to networked computers. Focuses on networking functions and connectivity
Novell NetWare, Windows Server, Linux Server
Manage a group of separate computers as if they were a single system. Distributes tasks and resources across multiple machines.
Google’s Android OS (in the context of distributed mobile apps), some versions of UNIX.
Microsoft
User-friendly GUI, extensive application support, prevalent in personal and business environments
Apple Inc.
Known for its sleek design, integration with other Apple products, and strong multimedia capabilities.
Open source community
Highly customizable, used in servers, desktops, and embedded systems. Available in various distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian)
Apple Inc.
Used in iPhones and iPads, known for its stability, security, and integration with Apple services.
AT&T Bell Labs
Known for its multitasking and multi-user capabilities, used in enterprise environments and academia
In summary, an operating system is crucial for managing a computer's hardware and providing a platform for application software. Its various types are designed to meet different needs, from general-purpose computing to specialized real-time or embedded systems
